Business Law Library & Tracker

Directors' Duties & Governance

Board decisions, conflicts, care, company interests and director exposure.

Sources last reviewed 28 July 2026

Main law guides

122

Acts, regulations and codes worth reading first

Topics

60

Plain-English clusters

Published case explainers

143

Selected cases with a business lesson

Tracked updates

11

New, amended & reviewed

Plain-English explainers, not legal advice. Use the linked official source for section-level detail, and get advice for your situation.

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Main laws

Main lawUnited Kingdom

Employment Act 2002

2002 c. 22

PriorityCurrent legislation7 practical checks · checked 28 July 2026
Employment & WorkplaceRegulatory ComplianceWages, Leave & PayrollDismissal, Redundancy & GrievancesDirectors' Duties & GovernanceLiquidation & RestructuringDisputes, Enforcement & RemediesImport, Export, Sanctions & CustomsWorkplace Investigations & Misconduct
Main lawUnited Kingdom

Companies (Model Articles) Regulations 2008

SI 2008/3229

PriorityIn force4 practical checks · checked 13 June 2026
Companies & StartupsDirectors' Duties & GovernanceShareholders & Company Control
Main lawUnited Kingdom

Companies Act 2006

UKPGA 2006 c 46

PriorityIn force4 practical checks · checked 13 June 2026
Companies & StartupsDirectors' Duties & GovernanceShareholders & Company ControlBusiness Identity, Registers & Filings
Main lawUnited Kingdom

Company Directors Disqualification Act 1986

UKPGA 1986 c 46

PriorityIn force4 practical checks · checked 13 June 2026
Companies & StartupsInsolvency & RestructuringDirectors' Duties & GovernanceLiquidation & RestructuringWorkplace Investigations & Misconduct
Main lawUnited Kingdom

Economic Crime and Corporate Transparency Act 2023

UKPGA 2023 c 56

PriorityStaged commencement4 practical checks · checked 13 June 2026
Companies & StartupsRegulatory ComplianceDirectors' Duties & GovernanceBusiness Identity, Registers & Filings
Main lawUnited Kingdom

Enterprise Act 2002

UKPGA 2002 c 40

PriorityIn force4 practical checks · checked 13 June 2026
Consumer Law & TradingCompanies & StartupsDirectors' Duties & GovernanceLiquidation & RestructuringBusiness Sales & AcquisitionsCompetition, Cartels & Market ConductDisputes, Enforcement & Remedies
Main lawUnited Kingdom

Insolvency Act 1986

UKPGA 1986 c 45

PriorityIn force4 practical checks · checked 13 June 2026
Insolvency & RestructuringFinance, Payments & SecurityDirectors' Duties & GovernanceLiquidation & RestructuringDebt Recovery, Guarantees & SecurityDisputes, Enforcement & Remedies
Main lawUnited Kingdom

Reporting on Payment Practices and Performance Regulations 2017

SI 2017/395

PriorityIn force4 practical checks · checked 13 June 2026
Finance, Payments & SecurityRegulatory ComplianceDirectors' Duties & Governance
Main lawUnited Kingdom

Small Business, Enterprise and Employment Act 2015

UKPGA 2015 c 26

PriorityIn force4 practical checks · checked 13 June 2026
Companies & StartupsEmployment & WorkplaceDirectors' Duties & Governance
Main lawUnited Kingdom

Care Standards Act 2000

2000 c. 14

PriorityCurrent legislation10 practical checks · checked 28 July 2026
Regulatory ComplianceDirectors' Duties & GovernanceLicences, Permits & RegistrationsDisputes, Enforcement & RemediesHealthcare & Regulated ProfessionsStandards, Accreditation & Certification
Main lawUnited Kingdom

Private Security Industry Act 2001

2001 c. 12

PriorityCurrent legislation7 practical checks · checked 28 July 2026
Regulatory ComplianceContractors & Worker StatusDirectors' Duties & GovernanceLicences, Permits & Registrations
Main lawUnited Kingdom

Legal Services Act 2007

2007 c. 29

PriorityCurrent legislation7 practical checks · checked 28 July 2026
Regulatory ComplianceDirectors' Duties & GovernanceLicences, Permits & RegistrationsRecords, Reporting & NotificationsConsumer Complaints & Dispute Resolution
Main lawUnited Kingdom

Fire Safety Act 2021

2021 c. 24

PriorityCurrent legislation7 practical checks · checked 28 July 2026
Planning, Building & Local ApprovalsRegulatory ComplianceDirectors' Duties & GovernanceCommercial Leases, Rent & OutgoingsDisputes, Enforcement & RemediesImport, Export, Sanctions & CustomsTelecommunications, Media & Content

Cases

High Court of Justice[2026] EWHC 998 (Ch)30 Apr 2026

Airconco UK Limited v DC Air Condition and Refrigeration Limited

For ordinary businesses, the lesson is simple: do not treat website copy as free to reuse just because it is public and promotional. If you lift wording from a...

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Dismissal, Redundancy & GrievancesDirectors' Duties & GovernanceAdvertising, Marketing & PromotionsOnline Sales, Subscriptions & PlatformsCopyright, Software & Digital ContentLicences, Permits & RegistrationsDisputes, Enforcement & RemediesImport, Export, Sanctions & Customs
High Court of Justice[2026] EWHC 631 (Ch)25 Feb 2026

Amber Bridging Limited (In Administration) & Anor v Market Financial Solutions Limited

If your business relies on a servicer, manager, agent, broker or group company to collect and apply money, treat the payment mechanics as a core legal risk area....

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Directors' Duties & GovernanceLiquidation & RestructuringDebt Recovery, Guarantees & SecurityTelecommunications, Media & Content
UK Supreme Court[2026] UKSC 311 Feb 2026

Emotional Perception AI Limited v Comptroller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks

If your business is filing patents for AI systems in the UK, this case changes the framing. It is no longer a strong argument to say an ANN is not a computer...

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Directors' Duties & GovernanceTrade Marks, Passing Off & BrandingCopyright, Software & Digital ContentDisputes, Enforcement & RemediesTelecommunications, Media & Content
High Court of Justice[2026] EWHC 471 (KB)11 Feb 2026

Euro Car Parks Limited v Competition & Markets Authority

The durable lesson is about process discipline and publication risk. If your business gets an information notice from the CMA or another regulator, verify it...

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Dismissal, Redundancy & GrievancesDirectors' Duties & GovernanceCompetition, Cartels & Market ConductDisputes, Enforcement & RemediesTelecommunications, Media & ContentEquality, Discrimination & Accessibility
High Court of Justice[2026] EWHC 953 (Ch)24 Apr 2026

Pridewell Properties (London) Limited v Spirit Pub Company (Managed) Limited

If you are a landlord relying on redevelopment to oppose a new tenancy, this case shows the court will test the practical detail, not just the headline plan. It is...

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Dismissal, Redundancy & GrievancesDirectors' Duties & GovernanceShareholders & Company ControlCommercial Leases, Rent & OutgoingsDebt Recovery, Guarantees & SecurityDisputes, Enforcement & RemediesFinancial Services, Credit & PaymentsImport, Export, Sanctions & Customs
UK Supreme Court[2026] UKSC 2114 July 2026

Saxon Woods Investments Ltd v Costa

A director can disagree strongly with the board, but must use the company's governance process to do it. Honest belief is not a licence to run a private...

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Companies & StartupsContracts & CommercialDismissal, Redundancy & GrievancesDirectors' Duties & GovernanceLicences, Permits & RegistrationsDisputes, Enforcement & RemediesTelecommunications, Media & Content
High Court of Justice[2026] EWHC 298 (Ch)13 Feb 2026

Tangent Properties (North) Ltd v Evans Homes (Skelton) No 2 Limited

If your business wants to reward someone through a share of development profits, success fees or project upside, document the arrangement properly at the time....

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Dismissal, Redundancy & GrievancesDirectors' Duties & GovernanceDisputes, Enforcement & RemediesTelecommunications, Media & Content
High Court of Justice[2026] EWHC 1093 (Ch)19 May 2026

The Financial Conduct Authority v Argento Wealth Limited & Anor

The lasting value of this case is practical rather than technical. If your business raises money, do not assume that a purpose clause automatically ring-fences...

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Directors' Duties & GovernanceShareholders & Company ControlAdvertising, Marketing & PromotionsDisputes, Enforcement & RemediesFranchising, Distribution & DealershipsFinancial Services, Credit & PaymentsInsurance Policies & ClaimsStandards, Accreditation & Certification
UK Supreme Court[2026] UKSC 625 Feb 2026

THG Plc v Zedra Trust Company (Jersey) Ltd

Do not assume an old shareholder complaint has disappeared, but do not assume it can be brought forever either. This case says the court must look at what the...

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Dismissal, Redundancy & GrievancesDirectors' Duties & GovernanceShareholders & Company ControlLicences, Permits & RegistrationsDisputes, Enforcement & RemediesImport, Export, Sanctions & CustomsTelecommunications, Media & ContentEquality, Discrimination & AccessibilityUnions, Collective Bargaining & Industrial Action
High Court of Justice[2025] EWHC 635 (Ch)20 Mar 2025

Anwar Khan v Ankar Miah & Anor

For a small business owner, the durable lesson is not that every serious fallout leads to a winding-up order. The court may accept that a two-person company has the...

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Directors' Duties & GovernanceShareholders & Company ControlCommercial Leases, Rent & OutgoingsDisputes, Enforcement & RemediesTelecommunications, Media & ContentHospitality, Alcohol & Gambling
UK Supreme Court[2025] UKSC 187 May 2025

Bilta (UK) Ltd (in liquidation) and others v Tradition Financial Services Ltd

For ordinary businesses, the durable lesson is not about carbon trading itself. It is about counterparties, intermediaries and warning signs. If your business helps...

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Insolvency & RestructuringDismissal, Redundancy & GrievancesDirectors' Duties & GovernanceLiquidation & RestructuringDisputes, Enforcement & RemediesFinancial Services, Credit & PaymentsEnvironmental Consents & WasteImport, Export, Sanctions & CustomsTelecommunications, Media & ContentNatural Hazards, Climate & Resilience
Court of Appeal of England and Wales[2025] EWCA Civ 94624 July 2025

easyGroup Limited v Easy Live (Services) Limited & Ors

The practical lesson is not simply ‘avoid famous brands’. It is more specific: test the exact wording you want to use, not just your full company name or logo. In...

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Dismissal, Redundancy & GrievancesDirectors' Duties & GovernanceAdvertising, Marketing & PromotionsTrade Marks, Passing Off & BrandingLicences, Permits & RegistrationsDisputes, Enforcement & RemediesTelecommunications, Media & ContentStandards, Accreditation & Certification
High Court of Justice[2025] EWHC 2254 (KB)3 Sept 2025

Equity & Ors v Talent Systems Europe Limited (trading as Spotlight)

If your business runs a directory, marketplace or subscription platform for freelancers, this case shows that labels alone do not decide your legal status, but your...

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Employment & WorkplaceDismissal, Redundancy & GrievancesDirectors' Duties & GovernanceAdvertising, Marketing & PromotionsOnline Sales, Subscriptions & PlatformsCopyright, Software & Digital ContentDisputes, Enforcement & RemediesTelecommunications, Media & Content
Court of Appeal of England and Wales[2025] EWCA Civ 26414 Mar 2025

Mohinder Singh & Ors v David Ingram (in his capacity as the Liquidator of MSD Cash and Carry PLC)

For business owners, directors and insolvency practitioners, the lesson is simple: do not assume that a funding agreement signed part-way through a dispute only...

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Insolvency & RestructuringDismissal, Redundancy & GrievancesDirectors' Duties & GovernanceLiquidation & RestructuringDisputes, Enforcement & RemediesInsurance Policies & Claims
High Court of Justice[2025] EWHC 3371 (Ch)19 Dec 2025

Places for People Pension Trustee Limited v Places for People Group Limited & Ors

For ordinary businesses, the durable lesson is less about pensions litigation and more about document control. If your business changes employee benefits, incentive...

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Employment & WorkplaceDirectors' Duties & GovernanceDisputes, Enforcement & Remedies
High Court of Justice[2025] EWHC 2276 (Ch)4 Sept 2025

River Island Holdings Limited, Re

The practical lesson is not that every struggling business can cut leases through court process. It is that directors should act early, build evidence and compare...

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Insolvency & RestructuringWages, Leave & PayrollDirectors' Duties & GovernanceLiquidation & RestructuringOnline Sales, Subscriptions & PlatformsCommercial Leases, Rent & OutgoingsFinancial Services, Credit & PaymentsInsurance Policies & ClaimsImport, Export, Sanctions & CustomsTelecommunications, Media & ContentEquality, Discrimination & Accessibility
High Court of Justice[2025] EWHC 338 (Ch)18 Feb 2025

Thames Water Utilities Holdings Ltd, Re

If your business is heading towards a cash shortfall, the key lesson is to start restructuring work early and build evidence around the real fallback scenario if no...

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Insolvency & RestructuringDirectors' Duties & GovernanceLiquidation & RestructuringCompetition, Cartels & Market ConductImport, Export, Sanctions & CustomsTelecommunications, Media & Content
Court of Appeal of England and Wales[2025] EWCA Civ 520 Jan 2025

Thatchers Cider Company Limited v Aldi Stores Limited

The lesson is not that you can never use common flavour cues, category colours or fruit imagery. The problem is pushing the design so far that it deliberately calls...

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Dismissal, Redundancy & GrievancesDirectors' Duties & GovernanceTrade Marks, Passing Off & BrandingCompetition, Cartels & Market ConductLicences, Permits & RegistrationsHospitality, Alcohol & Gambling
High Court of Justice[2025] EWHC 1722 (IPEC)11 July 2025

Wise Payments Limited v With Wise Limited & Ors

If you are choosing or changing a brand, do not stop at checking whether another business looks like a direct competitor. Map what your business actually does now,...

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Wages, Leave & PayrollDirectors' Duties & GovernanceTrade Marks, Passing Off & BrandingCopyright, Software & Digital ContentLicences, Permits & RegistrationsFinancial Services, Credit & PaymentsTransport, Shipping & Logistics
High Court of Justice[2024] EWHC 1417 (Ch)11 June 2024

Anthony John Wright and Geoffrey Paul Rowley & Ors v Dominic Joseph Andrew Chappell & Ors (Re BHS Group Ltd & Ors (in liquidation))

For ordinary business owners, the practical lesson is simple: once your company is in serious financial trouble, board decisions need to become more disciplined,...

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Dismissal, Redundancy & GrievancesDirectors' Duties & GovernanceLiquidation & RestructuringBusiness Sales & AcquisitionsImport, Export, Sanctions & Customs
UK Supreme Court[2024] UKSC 1715 May 2024

Lifestyle Equities CV and another v Ahmed and another

For business owners, this case draws a practical line between company exposure and personal exposure in brand disputes. If your company uses a sign that infringes...

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Dismissal, Redundancy & GrievancesDirectors' Duties & GovernanceLiquidation & RestructuringTrade Marks, Passing Off & BrandingDisputes, Enforcement & RemediesCharities, Clubs & Member GovernanceImport, Export, Sanctions & Customs
High Court of Justice[2024] EWHC 1369 (IPEC)7 June 2024

Morley’s (Fast Foods) Limited v Jeyatharini Sivakumar & Ors

The practical message is clear. If your business has settled a branding dispute, do not treat the approved logo as a flexible starting point for future redesigns....

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Dismissal, Redundancy & GrievancesDirectors' Duties & GovernanceTrade Marks, Passing Off & BrandingLicences, Permits & RegistrationsDisputes, Enforcement & RemediesFranchising, Distribution & DealershipsImport, Export, Sanctions & CustomsHospitality, Alcohol & Gambling
Court of Appeal of England and Wales[2024] EWCA Civ 54120 May 2024

Options UK Personal Pensions LLP v Financial Ombudsman Service Limited

If your firm is FCA-regulated, do not assume that execution-only wording or no-advice declarations will protect you from a complaint about losses. This case shows...

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Dismissal, Redundancy & GrievancesDirectors' Duties & GovernanceDebt Recovery, Guarantees & SecurityInsurance Policies & ClaimsConsumer Complaints & Dispute Resolution
Court of Appeal of England and Wales[2024] EWCA Civ 25415 Mar 2024

Rajinder Kumar & Ors v LSC Finance Limited

If your business lends or borrows against land, do not treat purpose wording as boilerplate. A court will look at the actual intended use of the land and the real...

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Dismissal, Redundancy & GrievancesDirectors' Duties & GovernanceDebt Recovery, Guarantees & SecurityDisputes, Enforcement & RemediesFinancial Services, Credit & PaymentsAgriculture, Farming & Rural BusinessInsurance Policies & ClaimsStandards, Accreditation & Certification
Court of Appeal of England and Wales[2024] EWCA Civ 15823 Feb 2024

THG PLC & Ors v Zedra Trust Company (Jersey) Limited

If your business is dealing with a shareholder dispute, do not assume the section 994 label answers the timing question. Start with the act being challenged, the...

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Dismissal, Redundancy & GrievancesDirectors' Duties & GovernanceShareholders & Company ControlDisputes, Enforcement & RemediesImport, Export, Sanctions & Customs
Court of Appeal of England and Wales[2023] EWCA Civ 14017 Feb 2023

Vadim Don Benyatov v Credit Suisse (Securities) Europe Ltd

The practical lesson is about clarity, scope and risk allocation. An employer may owe recognised duties of care and may have to reimburse some expenses or...

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Employment & WorkplaceEmployment Contracts & PoliciesDismissal, Redundancy & GrievancesRestraints, Confidentiality & Trade SecretsDirectors' Duties & GovernanceLicences, Permits & RegistrationsFinancial Services, Credit & PaymentsInsurance Policies & Claims
UK Supreme Court[2022] UKSC 255 Oct 2022

BTI 2014 LLC v Sequana SA

Directors should change their decision-making discipline as financial distress increases. Board papers, cash-flow evidence and creditor impact should become more...

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Companies & StartupsInsolvency & RestructuringDirectors' Duties & GovernanceShareholders & Company ControlLiquidation & Restructuring
Court of Appeal of England and Wales[2022] EWCA Civ 86423 June 2022

Credico Marketing Limited & Anor. v Benjamin Gregory Lambert & Anor.

If your agreement contains both an exclusivity clause and a post-termination non-compete, assess them separately. This case shows that a court may uphold the first...

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Restraints, Confidentiality & Trade SecretsDirectors' Duties & GovernanceShareholders & Company ControlAdvertising, Marketing & PromotionsDebt Recovery, Guarantees & SecurityDisputes, Enforcement & RemediesCharities, Clubs & Member GovernanceUnions, Collective Bargaining & Industrial ActionStandards, Accreditation & Certification
Court of Appeal of England and Wales[2022] EWCA Civ 88930 June 2022

Dwyer (UK Franchising) Limited v Fredbar Limited & Anor.

If you use franchise agreements, do not assume a 12 month restraint is safe just because similar clauses have been upheld elsewhere. The court said each case turns...

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Dismissal, Redundancy & GrievancesDirectors' Duties & GovernanceShareholders & Company ControlDebt Recovery, Guarantees & SecurityFranchising, Distribution & DealershipsImport, Export, Sanctions & CustomsStandards, Accreditation & Certification
High Court of Justice[2022] EWHC 1142 (IPEC)29 Apr 2022

Zoe Evans & Ors. v Anytime Clubs UK Limited & Anor.

If you run a franchise, keep clear records showing who controls local marketing in practice, not just on paper. A general right to protect brand standards is not...

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Directors' Duties & GovernanceShareholders & Company ControlAdvertising, Marketing & PromotionsTrade Marks, Passing Off & BrandingLicences, Permits & RegistrationsDisputes, Enforcement & RemediesFranchising, Distribution & DealershipsCharities, Clubs & Member GovernanceUnions, Collective Bargaining & Industrial ActionStandards, Accreditation & Certification
Court of Appeal of England and Wales[2021] EWCA Civ 3819 Jan 2021

Travel Counsellors Ltd v Trailfinders Ltd

Do not assume a new recruit or franchisee is free to bring over a customer list just because they know the customers personally. If the volume, format or detail of...

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Dismissal, Redundancy & GrievancesRestraints, Confidentiality & Trade SecretsDirectors' Duties & GovernanceAdvertising, Marketing & PromotionsLicences, Permits & RegistrationsDisputes, Enforcement & RemediesFranchising, Distribution & DealershipsImport, Export, Sanctions & Customs
High Court of Justice[2020] EWHC 591 (IPEC)12 Mar 2020

Trailfinders Ltd v Travel Counsellors Ltd & Ors

For ordinary businesses, the lesson is simple: do not treat customer lists as fair game just because a recruit knows the customers, can remember some details, or...

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Privacy & DataEmployment Contracts & PoliciesRestraints, Confidentiality & Trade SecretsDirectors' Duties & GovernanceDisputes, Enforcement & RemediesFranchising, Distribution & DealershipsImport, Export, Sanctions & Customs